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正入射声学方法凭借垂直入射条件下信号波形一致性强、物理机制可量化解析的优势，成为高精度分类的核心研究方向。对正入射声学探测的海底底质分类技术进行了系统综述。首先，阐述了该技术的原理、设备构成及国内外研究现状，进而深入剖析了回波时频特征解析、海底反射率反演、频率衰减建模与浅剖图像分类等核心方法的理论基础与实际应用；然后，结合国内外典型案例，详细总结回波时频特征(如分形维、波峰幅值、散射能量)在海底底质分类中的应用模式，以及Biot-Stoll等模型对海底沉积物物理属性与类型的定量反演方法，并提炼浅剖图像分类中样本尺度与特征参数的优化选取准则，同时全面评价了各模型的技术特性、优势、局限与适用场景；最后，针对当前研究的不足，从算法创新、多源数据融合等方向对未来发展趋势展开了前瞻性探讨，为推动海底底质分类技术的理论深化与实践应用提供了系统性参考。
Abstract：Normal-incidence acoustic methods have emerged as a core research focus in high-precision seafloor sediment classification, with their advantages of strong signal waveform consistency under vertical incidence conditions and quantifiable physical mechanisms. This paper conducts a systematic review of seafloor sediment classification techniques based on normal-incidence acoustic surveys. The study begins with the elucidation of the fundamental principles, instrumentation architecture, and current research status in both domestic and international contexts. It then delves into the theoretical foundations and practical applications of core methodologies, including time-frequency characteristics analysis of acoustic echoes, seafloor reflectivity inversion, frequency-dependent attenuation modeling, and sub-bottom profiler image classification. Drawing on representative case studies from both domestic and international research, this review systematically summarizes application paradigms of echo time-frequency features(e.g., fractal dimension, peak amplitude, scattering energy) in sediment classification, as well as quantitative inversion methodologies for sediment physical properties and types using models such as Biot-Stoll. Additionally, it synthesizes optimization principles for sample size and feature parameter selection in sub-bottom image classification. A comprehensive evaluation is conducted regarding the technical characteristics, strengths, limitations, and application boundaries of each model. Finally, in order to address current research gaps, the paper explores future development trends from forward-looking perspectives such as algorithm innovation and multi-source data fusion, offering systematic references for both theoretical frameworks and practical implementations in seafloor sediment classification.
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基本信息:
中图分类号:P631;P714
引用信息:
[1]罗进华,陈冠军,李昱霏.基于正入射回波的海底底质分类研究进展[J].工程地球物理学报,2025,22(06):715-725.
基金信息:
国家“十四五”重大科技项目(编号：KJZX-2022-12-XNY-0100)